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- NATION, Page 24Reading the Fine Print
-
-
- Those sweeping arms proposals are not all they seem
-
- By Bruce Van Voorst
-
-
- After months of coolness and caution, the U.S. and the
- Soviet Union suddenly seem consumed by arms-control fever.
- First, Secretary of State James Baker and Soviet Foreign
- Minister Eduard Shevardnadze ended their tete-a-tete in the
- Tetons by announcing plans for a spring summit. A few days
- later, George Bush and Shevardnadze were at the United Nations
- competing to see who could get rid of chemical weapons faster.
-
- But the most startling symptom of dovishness came from the
- Pentagon, in the just-released 1989 edition of Soviet Military
- Power. In the past, the Defense Department has used its annual
- threat assessment to present the latest scary examples of
- Soviet high-tech weaponry. This year's version features a cover
- photo of Soviet soldiers in retreat from Afghanistan under the
- headline "Prospects for Change." The report concludes, "Today
- the likelihood of conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
- is perhaps as low as it has been at any time in the postwar
- era." Admiral William Crowe, who retired last week as Chairman
- of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, agrees. "Every parameter of the
- strategic environment," says he, "is in transition."
-
- Behind the surprising statements and sweeping proposals,
- however, a certain gamesmanship was at work on both sides:
-
- CHEMICAL WEAPONS. Bush offered to destroy 80% of the
- 30,000-ton U.S. arsenal in eight years if the Soviets reduce
- their 50,000-ton stockpile to the same level. Shevardnadze upped
- the ante by proposing that the superpowers unilaterally wipe out
- their stocks and cease all chemical-weapons production.
-
- But Congress has already ordered the President to destroy
- by 1997 even more of the American stockpile than he proposed.
- Moreover, by making the complete elimination of chemical
- weapons contingent on the assent of 20 nations deemed capable
- of producing them, Bush gave veto power to mavericks like Iraq
- and Libya. Until such an agreement is reached, the U.S. insists
- on modernizing its supply with new binary nerve-gas weapons --
- a position that the Soviets have termed unacceptable.
-
- STRATEGIC WEAPONS. Shevardnadze made what appeared to be an
- important concession by dropping the Soviet demand that
- reductions in ballistic missiles be linked to limits on U.S.
- testing of the antimissile Strategic Defense Initiative. The
- Soviets also proposed separate discussions on submarine-launched
- nuclear cruise missiles (SLCMs), despite their earlier
- insistence that the talks be part of the strategic-arms
- discussions.
-
- Shevardnadze's new flexibility on Star Wars was in part
- offset by his warning that the Kremlin would abrogate a future
- START treaty if the U.S. goes too far with SDI testing. And the
- Senate would certainly want to review any deal on Star Wars as
- part of a START ratification process. "The Soviets made a
- constructive step which may facilitate negotiations," concludes
- House Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Dante Fascell. "But it
- only puts off the day of reckoning."
-
- Nor was it clear that the Soviets would sign a START
- agreement without a deal on submarine-launched cruise missiles,
- whether achieved separately or not. Even if they do treat SLCMs
- as a separate issue, the Soviets are certain to use the
- negotiations to propose reductions in naval forces, an issue the
- U.S. is reluctant to confront. Discussions about cruise missiles
- with nuclear warheads might quickly lead to discussions about
- SLCMs with conventional warheads, a weapon for which the Navy
- has big future plans.
-
- NUCLEAR TESTING. The Threshold Test Ban treaty, signed in
- 1974 but never ratified, provides for a ceiling of 150 kilotons
- on underground nuclear blasts -- a limit that both nations
- currently observe. Baker and Shevardnadze agreed in principle
- on verification procedures that should allow the treaty to be
- completed at next year's summit. Yet nuclear testing will remain
- contentious: the Soviets still want a comprehensive ban on all
- underground blasts; the U.S. insists that nuclear weapons must
- continue to be tested for safety and reliability.
-
- AMERICAN RELUCTANCE. The Administration still seems
- perplexed over arms control, fearful of both a domestic
- right-wing assault on its policies and of sliding down the
- slippery slope of psychological disarmament. Defense Secretary
- Dick Cheney, for one, is determined to stonewall arms treaties
- until congressional funding of his defense budget is ensured.
- And although Bush allowed last week that a strategic-arms treaty
- could be achieved by next year's summit, key White House aides
- seem inclined to dismiss START as a bothersome holdover from the
- Reagan Administration.
-
- It can be argued, of course, that American resolve was what
- brought the Soviets around. For all the uncertainties, progress
- to date is largely due to an almost heedless Soviet willingness
- to say da. "This is an entirely different Soviet attitude than
- we have ever seen before," says a senior aide to Baker. But
- until the Administration decides what to make of that attitude,
- START -- and other issues -- could stay stalled.
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-